I've recently (last half year or so, if not longer) been working on creating a world for a species I'm working on. These are prey-based species mostly. But I wanted them to be the dominant species of the planet.
When I read this read, I thought I could easily work in the ideas I have to partake in the discussion
So here are some thoughts I had to consider:
If prey and predators survive side-by-side, or prey creatures are dominant, why would that be? The predators need to get food from somewhere, and there are a few reasons as to why there are lower numbers of predators than prey. So what if I wanted to turn that around, what could the possible reason be?
I had to make sure the environment would allow for such an evolutionary step to be taken, the environment had to be different in various aspects.
I personally love animals, I wish it was possible we/they all live together without having to eat one another, but it's not possible (at least not currently with the modern science and technology we have). Even if we did, if we would mess with the chain/order of things, what effects would that have?
Nothing to barely anything could change, but most likely more doomsday-type scenarios could apply. We can't say for sure.
I personally take the approach that I hope the animal had a good life before it died (be it killed or simply passed away from something natural (and non-detrimental when eating/digesting the food/meat)). However, there are some animals I actively avoid eating, because of my connections to them or other reasons (rabbits and hares are a good example).
So the homeworld of the new species I'm developing currently has to have a really good reason for prey animals to be the dominant species.
The prey animals eat plants, vegetation and the like. So can I do something with that?
How to keep the predator population small and not being able to evolve as rapidly as their prey, but still enough for them to survive?
I answered this by looking at the environment. It can't be something like our environment, but I can somehow base it on it.
The plant life will be able to eat other lifeforms. I'm still working exactly on how, but the idea is they eat organisms, a lot of plants are carnivorous. The prey species would be specialised in knowing how to eat the plants without getting killed, as well as using them as a means to hide. Perhaps even using the vegetation to trap predators. This way the predators, while still evolving to trying to outsmart the plants and the prey, would still be slightly behind.
The plants only have to worry about one 'enemy' (the prey eating the plants) while having a means of easy food (predators are easier to catch because they are more focused on catching the prey animals than eating plants), the prey would have to worry about being able to survive (from the plants and the predators), using techniques perhaps on both of them which are similar in order to survive attacks from either, since they're prey, they also would produce more offspring and evolutionary steps can perhaps be taken sooner this way as well. The predators are more focused on catching prey, rather than avoiding capture by plants.
So it's like a stat game kind of thing. Prey -in order to survive- need to learn how to avoid capture, these techniques can be applied to the predators as well as the vegetation.
Predators only need to eat and capture prey, so they would be more focused on that.
Thus plants don't need to worry about predators, but about potential prey animals eating them, so they would focus on defence/being eaten by prey animals, as well as finding an easy source of food (the predators).
Everything is still being worked on, but this is the main premise of it all.